HIV Diagnosis Essay Example for Free

HIV Diagnosis Essay Because a new HIV diagnosis can be stressful to an individual, it is not only important to seek follow-up care from a medical standpoint, but from a mental and spiritual standpoint as well. Some follow-up recommendations may include: 1. Prompt medical treatment for initiation of antiretroviral medications, appropriate vaccine administration 2. Continuation of medical care including taking prescribed medication, even when not symptomatic. 3. Education regarding changes in behaviors to reduce risk of transmission to others. 4. Referrals to behavioral and psychological services to assist with emotional needs as well as assistance with coping strategies to deal with the many changes that accompany the diagnosis. 5. Encouragement to seek spiritual care and companionship. 6. Education regarding reproductive choices and contraceptive information.1 What is hiv? HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, which leads to immunosuppression. The immunosuppression can cause opportunistic infections, cancer, central nervous system degeneration, and death. HIV is transmitted from person to person from sexual contact, blood contact, or from mother to infant.. 2 HIV is generally classified into three categories; the primary infection phase, the latent phase, and the overt AIDS infection phase. The progression of these phases typically spans 8-12 years. Many people have symptoms after their primary infection that may include: fever, fatigue, sore throat, night sweats, gastrointestinal problems, rash, and headache. If the infection is detected during the primary infection period, the patient may have a much better outcome with early treatment. The primary phase is followed by the latent phase, when the patient is asymptomatic. This phase lasts an average of 10 years. The latent phase is followed by overt-AIDS. If untreated, this phase can lead to death within 2-3 years, or sooner.2 who’s at risk? Men who have unprotected sex with men are at the greatest risk for acquiring HIV. Infants are at risk for acquiring HIV from their mothers in utero, during labor and/or delivery, and during breastfeeding; however transmission can be almost entirely prevented by the proper use of antiretroviral  medications and the absence of breastfeeding. 3 Sharing contaminated needles, unprotected sex, receiving unsterile medical procedures, and accidental needle sticks put individuals at risk. testing There are several different tests available to screen for HIV. Testing is recommended at least once per year for sexually active persons. Enzyme immunoassay test (results take up to two weeks) 4 Rapid HIV antibody test (results take 10-20 minutes) 4 Both tests may be done using blood, oral fluid, or urine. If a positive result from either of the previous two tests, a Western Blot test must be performed. Testing may not be positive even in the presence of infection if testing occurs shortly after infection. The results of the Western Blot test may take up to two weeks. 4 Antigen test (blood test. Can diagnose earlier at 1-3 weeks after first infection) 4 PCR test Can identify HIV in blood within 2-3 weeks of infection. Used in testing of babies born to HIV positive mothers to determine if the babies themselves are positive 4 Home testing kits Home test kits may be purchased at most pharmacies. A small blood sample is mailed in and the patient is contacted with results. 4 Prevention There are several different ways individuals can help prevent acquiring HIV. Some of the methods include: 1. Correct and consistent use of condoms 2. Abstinence or mutual monogamous long-term relationships 3. Regular testing for HIV 4. Use of sterile syringes by IV drug users 5. Antiretroviral treatment for those infected5 6. Male circumcision TREATMEnt There is no cure for HIV. Treatment focuses on slowing down the replication of the virus. Treatment of the HIV virus involves taking medication that interrupts the virus’s replication process. Typically this involves using a combination of medications. The current standard treatment is a combination of three to four antiviral medications which is referred to as high active antiretroviral therapy or HAART.2 Because opportunistic infections are  highly problematic in individuals with HIV/AIDS, infection exposure should be limited and vaccines should be obtained as recommended. 2

Leslie Marmon Silkos Ceremony Essay -- essays papers

Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony In Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony, the gender roles of three women are significant to the development of Tayo as being half-white and half-Indian. These three women are Tayo's birth mother, Auntie, and Old Grandma. His mother left him when he was four years old and that began his sense of emptiness and abandonment. She could not bear to raise a child that brought the reservation shame by her mistake. Auntie raised Tayo and was the mother figure he lacked. She willingly accepted to take him, but only to "conceal the shame of her younger sister (29)". Auntie was always hesitant toward Tayo as he was not her real son and was also a half-breed. For Tayo, this only added to his feeling of displacement and emptiness. She would give her affection and ... Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony Essay -- essays papers Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony In Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony, the gender roles of three women are significant to the development of Tayo as being half-white and half-Indian. These three women are Tayo's birth mother, Auntie, and Old Grandma. His mother left him when he was four years old and that began his sense of emptiness and abandonment. She could not bear to raise a child that brought the reservation shame by her mistake. Auntie raised Tayo and was the mother figure he lacked. She willingly accepted to take him, but only to "conceal the shame of her younger sister (29)". Auntie was always hesitant toward Tayo as he was not her real son and was also a half-breed. For Tayo, this only added to his feeling of displacement and emptiness. She would give her affection and ...

Course work 3: communication plan Essay

Introduction It is extremely important to understand that companies around the world communicate with the world outside their realm in some capacity and these companies also have to communicate with forces and people within the companies as well. Fundamentally, what we are trying to say here is that just like people companies also want to talk to other companies and the public at large and the firms want to know what their general perception is in the minds of the people especially those who are considered their costumer base. A beginning point has to be related to what the company wants to achieve out of the communication plan or the talk between the company and outside stakeholders and other components of the society. This will depend on the vision and mission statement of the company. For example the case in point is the retail organization that is about to launch a new range of clothing line designed by a super model; now the mission statement must be such that it highlights what the company stands for and in very precise words readers should clearly know what are the believes of the company. An example of a mission statement for the retail store is: â€Å" We deliver high quality products for our customers; the product lines are trendy and hip this idealogy gives us the freedom to experiment with futuristic designs and ideas. We assure our customers style with sense. † (MissionStatements. com, n. d. ) The vision of a company like the retail firm is like a dream or a stretched mission which might be achieved or which the company envisages for the future so that it could become a great company. The vision leads to the mission statement and then we have the objectives and goals of the company which are followed by the development of strategy. The whole plan of how the company will communicate with the outside world begins with the vision and mission statement. Communication in the Business World Communication is a way of transmitting messages from the sender to the receiver. In a typical business setting senders use a particular medium to send the message which is ultimately received by the receiver. There is a possibility that the message might go through noise and other disturbances before getting to the final destination. In certain cases the communication process is impacted by noise because of the medium chosen by the sender. For internal business purposes i. e. within the organziation the people of the firm might use media such as oral or written but the selection depends on a number of important factors such as the length of the message, importance and legal signficance of the message and other factor such as the trust level between two employees who are communicating. All these and other factors play a critical role in determining which kind of media will be used. (Gelder, 2005) Just like the process that has been described for internal communication within the organization we see that firms talk to outside stakeholders and members of society as well. The communication with the outside public is many ways a reflection of how the firm’s staff communicate within their own company. This is because the culture of any organization greatly impacts its mind set towards how it will communicate with the outside world. The critical thing here is that firms believe in their way of doing things and therefore the communication plans are more or less known to be based on existing values and culture of the company. Therefore if the issues related to communication plans have to be discussed one must look at the way the culture of the organization is organized and how does the company communicate internally. Retail Organizations and Branding Retail firms are directly involved with costumers unlike manufacturing companies therefore retailers can have a greater impact on how to measure the performance of their advertisement and other promotional material that are directed at consumers. Branding is a crucial aspect when we talk about a high-end product line designed by a top model. One of the most common practices in the retail industry is that when superstars or super models launch product lines designed by them they tend to give their own name to these product lines. The advantages to such an approach include: instant recognition for the brand, people relate to the brand just like they relate to the artist or model, consumer base relates all the qualities and traits of the super model to the product lines. For instance if the super model that designed the clothing line is someone like Gisele Bundchen then people will attach traits such as funky, sexy, classy and trendy with the product line. (Keller, Lewi, 2008) Such a strategy has been successful for many brands such as JLO (Jennifer Lopez’s product line) and therefore we suggest such a strategy for the retail organization as well since we feel that it is important to distinguish this topline brand from the other offerings of the company. Some of the problems that might be faced when using such an approach is that the brand might loose that sense of innovation and style. Even though it is designed by a top model but that does not necessarily means that it would be of the highest quality therefore it is extremely important to maintain the quality of the product because ultimately that would be the deciding factor in repeat purchases or that urge in customers to come back next season and see the new collection. This product line must be branded based on some distinguishing feature. This is important as it will allow people to know what to expect from the product and what they will get from the product. All great brands have a tendency of focusing on one important factor for example when Google became successful it was only a search engine with no other prominent services; similarly Rolex is known for great watches which are for occassions and great moments in ones life because they are special watches (quality, life, style etc) Essentially the point is that the new product line must be distinguished on the lines of being cool, hip and trendy and absolutely new from all previous brands. The product line should be advertised in such a way that it seems as if it is the new cool thing in the clothing and lifestyle industry. Just look at how Levi’s was made a cultural icon for teenagers in a similar sense this brand should be advertised in a such a way toward rich and ambitious youngsters that it becomes a part of there daily lifestyle. Before any major advertisment campaign could begin it must be ensured that the target market is identified and the company decides whether the upper class or the middle class or even both will be targeted by this product line. Will there be differntiated product lines for both segments? We suggest that should not take place because it will confuse the brand concept; the diversification can be done later when the brand name is established with one target market. Once the target market has been decided upon the firm needs to plan the promotional strategy accordingly; the pricing strategy should also complement the promotional stand and the distrubution strategy should complete the project in such a way that the target audience receive maximum expousre to the product line.

Problems facing india Essay

THE rupee’s tumble continues to grip India. On August 29th Duvvuri Subbarao, the departing boss of the central bank, told an audience in Mumbai of the widespread â€Å"dismay about the ferocity of the depreciation†. Today, on August 30th, I spoke to the boss of a big hotel in the city who says he is preparing to dollarise his business. The rupee is too flaky to operate in, he said. â€Å"It’s just like Russia and Indonesia in the 1990s.† Shortly after this, Manmohan Singh, the prime minister, addressed parliament on the matter. While part of the currency slump is a â€Å"natural† correction to reflect high inflation, he said, â€Å"foreign exchange markets have a notorious history of overshooting. Unfortunately this is what is happening†. That statement looks correct on a three-day time horizon. The rupee almost breached 69 per dollar earlier this week. On August 30th it bounced back to 65.7, making it the best-performing big currency worldwide that day, though still leaving it down 16% year-to-date. The vote by Britain’s parliament against military action in Syria has helped push down oil prices. That is helpful for India, a big energy importer. And some of the Reserve Bank of India’s tweaks have calmed nerves. On August 28th the central bank said it would provide dollars directly to India’s big oil-importing firms. That will stop them having to sell rupees in the spot market. It is an indirect way for the RBI to use its reserves to support the exchange rate. Whether India’s currency has stabilised is another matter. There is plenty to worry about. The prospect of the Federal Reserve ending its purchases of bonds draws ever closer, especially with good news from the American economy this week. That means the â€Å"Great Exit† of money from emerging markets may continue. Both Indonesia and Brazil raised interest rates this week to protect their currencies, making India relatively less attractive. A foreign  investor in town told me at he would not invest in India until it raised its rates. He had arrived in India expecting to allocate more funds to it now prices have fallen, but after several days he felt more pessimistic and reckoned that the slump had further to go. As if to confirm that view, GDP figures were released on August 30th for the quarter to June. Growth slowed to 4.4%, from 4.8% in the preceding quarter. Manufacturing contracted. These figures do not yet reflect the credit crunch that has taken place over the last two months, so it seems likely that GDP growth will slow even further. A good monsoon may boost farming, but the formal, industrial bit of the economy is in dire condition. On August 27th Palaniappan Chidambaram, the finance minister, said that the government had fast-tracked $27 billion of power and other projects stuck in red tape. But I have yet to find a full account of these proposals. In the past such announcements have contained far more hype than substance, as we explained in an article in June. That credit crunch is still pronounced, even if the rupee has recovered a little. Most measures of stress in the financial system are still flashing red, reflecting Indian banks’ bad debt problem. Credit default swaps on State Bank of India, which measure its risk, have soared. Short-term market interest rates have not come down. The government has yet to show much desire to clean up banks’ dud loans and is instead putting more pressure on them to â€Å"extend and pretend†. Even as mayhem stalks the currency market, the election campaign is ramping up. India’s legislators may be lousy at making decisions about economic reform, but they are remarkably decisive at passing more populist measures. Early this week a new programme to increase food subsidies was agreed. Moody’s, a credit rating agency, warned that this will put more pressure on the public finances. Then the lower house of parliament approved a new law on land reform. It replaces a decrepit act that is over a century old. But businesses say the new rules will make it even harder to buy land to set up factories, with long delays becoming the norm. If the rupee still looks vulnerable, India has three options, none very palatable. One is to let the currency fall further. In most countries a cheaper currency would boost exports and help close the current-account deficit. But India’s manufacturing industry is too small and too bound in red tape to ramp up quickly. So a turn-around in the balance of payments may take time during which investors could panic. Meanwhile the weaker currency may  destabilise the domestic economy by adding to inflation and increasing the government’s subsidies on fuel and thus its borrowing. The second option is to do the opposite and increase interest rates to attract more foreign money in, following the path of Indonesia and Brazil. But this would further hammer Indian industry, which is already in poor shape, and probably increase bad debts at banks too. If the economy slowed further as a result, equity investors might begin to worry about corporate earnings declining and pull out their roughly $200 billion of investments in listed shares. Inducing a credit crunch in India might make things even worse. The last option is to lower government borrowing. It is running at 7% of GDP (including India’s states) and has stoked excess demand in the last few years, widening the current-account deficit. The populist political mood doesn’t make big spending cuts easy, though, and while it is often accused of epic profligacy, India’s central government has pretty low expenditure relative to GDP—about 15%. There is simply no way it can cut its way to a balanced budget. What India really needs is more tax revenues. But with a narrow tax base—only 3% of Indians pay income tax—this might mean concentrating tax rises on the formal economy, which is already reeling. For now my sense is that the authorities’ plan is to let the rupee trade freely but hold out the threat of an interest rate rise or direct intervention in the currency market to try to scare off speculators. At the same time they will squeeze borrowing as much as is possible during an election and use administrative measures, such as highe r duties, to try to cap imports. It is a bet that the economy will pick up soon and that growth will make India’s problems fade away. The trouble is that the economy is still decelerating.

Third Amendment Paper and Case Essay Essay Example

Third Amendment Paper and Case Essay Essay Example Third Amendment Paper and Case Essay Paper Third Amendment Paper and Case Essay Paper The 3rd amendment provinces that No Soldier shall. in clip of peace be quartered in any house. without the consent of the Owner. nor in clip of war. but in a mode to be prescribed by jurisprudence. This means that no 1 should be evicted because some soldiers want to remain someplace. The soldiers are merely allowed to remain in a person’s abode if the proprietors consent to it. By seting this amendment in The Bill of Rights it limited the power the armed forces could hold. The historical case in points that existed before this amendment was created were that British soldiers were come ining people’s abodes and began to populate at that place. This non merely invaded the people populating the places privacy but it created tenseness and a manner for the soldiers to descry on the enemy. Engblom v. Carey is the lone known and documented instance that violates the 3rd amendment right. Engblom v. Carey was a U. S. tribunal instance decided by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals. Hugh L. Carey was being sued because he evicted province penitentiary functionaries so he could house the National Guard. This was because the functionaries were on work stoppage and the National Guard were functioning as impermanent guards. Though this instance was clearly against Carey he came out on top. I believe that Carey should hold lost the instance because it clearly states in the 3rd amendment that soldiers shall non be quartered in 1s house without the proprietors consent. The instance is the same instance as the instance discussed in place paper one. The ground for that is that there is merely one known instance associating to the 3rd amendment. This amendment does non hold any benefits nor does it hold any drawbacks on today’s society. There are no wars or conflicts being fought today in the U. S. and that gives us no demand to one-fourth soldiers in 1s abode. Since there is no necessity to house soldiers in the U. S. in 1s abode it does non impact me in any manner nor has it affected many others.

5 Part-Time Jobs That Pay Well

5 Part-Time Jobs That Pay Well What kind of job allows you to work less and yet earn more? While the question may sound like a riddle, it’s actually a reality when it comes to several high-paying part-time jobs. Let’s count down five of the most sought after part-time positions, along with how to score one. 1. Management AnalystAccording to figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, management analysts require only a bachelor’s degree, less than five years of experience, no specific on-the-job training and yet make an average of $37.79 per hour. Even better? Because most accountants work on a contractual basis, they can set their own hours.Also called management consultants, these professionals evaluate an organization’s efficiency and propose strategies to trim costs and increase revenues. While it’s not required, a Certified Management Consultant (CMC) can boost your appeal to potential employers. Additionally, prior work experience in a number of different fields - from hum an resources to information technology - can help you gain an inside edge.Not only is the pay high, but the demand is, as well: between now and 2022, the accounting profession is expected to grow by a significant 20 percent.2. Fitness InstructorFrom yoga to Zumba, fitness instructors lead individuals of all ages and skill levels as well as groups in any number of different fitness classes.While on paper the pay may not in itself be extraordinary - an average of $15.25 per hour - working as a fitness instructor requires no education beyond the high school diploma or its equivalent, although many fitness instructors do choose to pursue an associate’s or bachelor’s degree in a health or fitness related field, such as physical education, kinesiology, or exercise science.With a projected growth rate of 13 percent between now and 2022, job security for fitness instructors is promising. Not to mention the flexibility to work early morning and evening hours depending on you r individual scheduling needs.3. Graphic DesignerGraphic designers communicate ideas through visual concepts and help with layout and production design for a variety of print materials. In 2012, nearly 25 percent of graphic designers were self-employed which not only lets them have key input as to how many hours they work but also when and where they work them.A bachelor’s degree in graphic design or a related field is typically expected for a career in this field, along with an aptitude for the creative arts. The average haul of a graphic designer in 2015? $21.22 per hour.4. AccountantWhile most accountants work full-time, many accounting specialists are finding part-time jobs to be particularly appealing. In fact, a recent survey of chief financial officers revealed that 72 percent of CFOs use temporary staffing solutions to help reach their accounting goals.Most accountants have a minimum of a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a related field; becoming a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) further improves job prospects. Not only do part-time accountants earn a competitive compensation of an average of $30.55 per hour, but some even receive employee benefits.The ability to work part-time also allows unparalleled flexibility that is particularly appealing to everyone from students to people nearing retirement.5. Computer ProgrammerComputer programmers create software programs by writing code for an average hourly pay of $35.71 per hour. Most computer programmers have at least a bachelor’s degree, although an associate’s degree may suffice. However, because the field changes so rapidly, programmers are expected to keep up with its evolution through continuing education and professional development course.One benefit enjoyed by computer programmers? The ability to telecommute from anywhere in the world.Whether you’re simply in need of extra cash, looking for a change of pace, or require the flexibility of part-time work, these gigs offer high returns for workers in these fields. Looking for an inside edge on getting the part-time job of your dreams? Sign up for a job match alert.

Analysis of Health Currently Affecting the Australian Population Essay

Analysis of Health Currently Affecting the Australian Population - Essay Example First, cardiovascular diseases are heart conditions which commonly affect the heart and blood vessels surrounding it. It includes coronary heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, and an ischemic heart (WHO, 2011). It includes various conditions of the heart and blood vessels; the common issue in relation to heart disease being atherosclerosis where plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries reducing blood supply to the heart, causing heart attacks, and sometimes to the brain, eventually leading to stroke (National Heart and Medical Research Council, 2011). This paper shall provide an analysis of the health issue, then discuss and analyse the health issue in relation to the population/community it usually affects, the scope of the health issue as well as its implications for the affected population/community, the social determinants of health which affect the health problem. It shall also provide an analysis and evaluation of relevant current primary health care services and initia tives which are in place to address this issue, including its strengths and limitations. Finally, a proposal on additional services needed to address this issue shall also be established. ... Their higher risk for the disease is mostly attributed to the fact that a large number of them are overweight, smokers and who are physically dormant. Those in the lower socioeconomic groups are also liable to suffer this disease more than the general Australian population. The death rates for the disease in this group was registered those as high compared to those in the higher social sets (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006). Studies also revealed that those in the lower social sets were likely to be involved in smoking; many of them had hypertension and were overweight. In relation to age and sex, those in the older population are likely to be afflicted by cardiovascular diseases, owing to the wear and tear of the ageing process as well as the likelihood that they would also be afflicted with other diseases like obesity or diabetes (Department of Health and Ageing, 2007). Women were also registered with high rates of cardiovascular disorders. However, it was notable that males were more likely to die from this disease as they were tobacco smokers who were obese, hypertensive, and engaged in limited exercise. Those who are overweight and obese have the highest risk of being afflicted with a cardiovascular disease (Cameron, et.al., 2003). Obesity has increased in Australia in recent years, and this trend has been more or less similar in other countries as well. Adults, 25 years and over present a 67% obesity rate in Australia, and 52% of women are considered overweight or obese (National Public Health Partnership, 2003). Among children, 20% are considered obese, and these who grow up to be obese were overweight adults when their eating and exercise habits were not corrected early during