Rapid Progress of YouTube

Today we can observe the tendency of a constant development of the sites which provide visitors with the opportunity to share their videos with the other people in order to find the necessary and interesting information or to have fun. YouTube is one of the most popular sites among those users of the Internet resources who are interested in different kinds of online video. The level of the competition among these sites depends on the question of the popularity of Google resources and YouTube among the users.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Rapid Progress of YouTube specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What are the reasons for such a rapid progress of YouTube? It is obvious today that YouTube became â€Å"synonymous with online video sharing thanks to its brand strength and loyal user base† (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). Moreover, the popularity of YouTube became to increase quickly from its opening in Febru ary of 2005 by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. YouTube was worked out as a site where people could upload, view and share their personal or professional videos (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). The trends in our modern society accentuate the people’s desire to share their thoughts, ideas, and the peculiarities of their everyday life with the help of social networks and sites with online video. In spite of the fact Google had its site Google Video which â€Å"allowed users to search captions from TV shows†, it was not as popular as YouTube because there was no opportunity for visitors to â€Å"provide the actual videos† (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). Thus, there appeared the necessity of changing of the policy of Google concerning Google Video, of making more effective decisions and working out more effective strategies. The site was greatly developed. However, in 2006 there was made the revolutionary decision by Google to buy YouTube. â€Å"Google purchased YouTube for $1.65 billion† (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). Thus, what are the peculiarities of developing of YouTube as the part of Google? We can determine several significant aspects of the development of the site. All the intentions of Google executives are aimed at the further growth of the possibilities of the site. Nevertheless, â€Å"Google planned to retain YouTube as a stand-alone service while continuing to nurture Google’s existing video service† (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). The advantages of YouTube are in the fact that people can upload videos of different formats there, comment them, share with their friends, and give the annotations. The changes in the work of the site and a lot of innovations are directed toward the 19- to 35-year-old group of viewers of online videos who shares video clips with their friends and put links to them (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits).Advertising Looking for case study on communications media? Let's see if we can help yo u! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the commercial success of the site depends on the effective advertising policy. â€Å"Google executives believed the deal would help transform their company into a global media powerhouse and provide new audiences for the targeted advertising that was the lifeblood of Google’s earnings† (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). That is why â€Å"in October 2007 Google introduced a program to include advertising within YouTube videos† (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). It was considered as a great progress in the industry. In spite of the fact YouTube as the part of Google is one of the most successful sites, the necessity of its constant progress depends on a number of competitors in the industry such as MySpace and Hulu. Thus, in 2005-2010 â€Å"the emergence of competition in the video-sharing market continued to be rapid and Web trends were increasingly volatile† (Cool, Seitz, and Mestrits). Thus, YouTube keeps the position of one of the most influential sites providing online video. YouTube and Google follow the tendency of a constant development and widening of the audience because of the effective policy of the company. Works Cited Cool, Karel, Seitz, Matt, and Jason Mestrits. â€Å"YouTube, Google, and the Rise of Internet Video†. hbr.org. 20 May 2009. Web. This case study on Rapid Progress of YouTube was written and submitted by user Celia Simmons to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Environmental impacts of batteries Essay Example

Environmental impacts of batteries Essay Example Environmental impacts of batteries Essay Environmental impacts of batteries Essay lithium-ion and lead-based cells. C-rate C-rate is the measuring of the charge and dispatch current of a cell. Almost all movable cells are rated at 1 Coulomb ( 1C ) . This means that a 1000mAh battery, if discharged at 1C, would give 1000mA for one hr. The same applies if the discharge was halved ( 0.5C ) this would supply half the sum of current ( 500mA ) for twice the continuance ( 2 hours ) . A 1C cell is referred to as an hr discharge, the most common portable cell we have is the 20-hour Lead-based discharge cells ( 0.05C ) found in autos. Lead-Acid Cells The C-rate of a lead-acid cell is non set to a changeless like other cells, as accomplishing 100 % electrical capacity at any discharge rate is hard. The beginning is done in order to counterbalance for the varying measurings at the differing currents ; automatically seting the capacity of the cell is discharged at a higher/lower C-rate than originally thought. Portable lead-based cells are rated at 0.05C given a 20-hour discharge. The beginning is represented in Peukert s jurisprudence. Peukert s jurisprudence: represents the electrical capacity of a lead-acid cell in footings of C-rate. As the rate of discharge additions, the battery s available capacity lessenings and vice-versa. Fast and decelerate discharging/recharging of a lead-acid cell At the beginning of when a lead-acid cell is charged or discharged, the chemicals present in the acid electrolyte at the point between the positive and negative electrodes ( the interface ) are affected. The alteration in these chemicals, consequences in a charge that is formed at the interface. This interface charge finally spreads throughout the active stuff in the volume. Fast bear downing a wholly discharged cell for a twosome of proceedingss causes the charge to develop near the interface of the battery, when left for continuance of clip ( Â ± a twosome of hours ) the charge spreads throughout the volume of the cell, intending the interface charge of the cell is excessively low for the cell to really work. Likewise, if the cell is discharged rapidly it will look to be dead but it has merely lost its interface charge. Meaning after a few proceedingss wait, it should be able to work. If the battery is charged easy, over a long continuance of clip, so it will go more to the full charged ( than that of a fast charge ) . This is as a consequence of the interface charge holding more clip to redistribute itself into the volume of the electrodes and acerb electrolyte, every bit good as itself ( the interface charge ) being recharged. In add-on, if the cell is being discharged easy, so when the battery appears to be has died it most likely has been to the full discharged. Depth of discharge of Lead-acid batteries The deepness of discharge ( DOD ) of a cell is the per centum of the battery s current that it is discharged per hr. The optimal temperature a battery should be charged/discharged is around 25 A ; deg ; C ( 77 A ; deg ; F ) , anything higher and up until 50 A ; deg ; C ( 122 A ; deg ; F ) , is tolerable. The rhythm life of lead-acid batteries is precisely relative to the deepness of its discharges. Â ±200 rhythms after battery discharged to the full ( 100 % DOD ) Â ±500 rhythms after battery partial discharge ( 50 % DOD ) 1000+ rhythms after battery shallowly discharged ( DOD ) Lead-acid batteries are charged non be discharged over 1.75V/cell, nor should it be stored in a dismissed province. The cells of a dismissed lead-acid sulphate, a status that renders the battery useless if left in that province for a few yearss. Always keep the unfastened terminal electromotive force at 2.10V and higher. Charge and discharging of lithium- ion cells Dispatching Lithium-ion batteries merely works within the temperature bound of -20 A ; deg ; C to 60 A ; deg ; C ( -4 A ; deg ; F to 140 A ; deg ; F ) . The chemical reaction is reversed within the battery and the current flow is carried from the negative to the positive electrode by the motion of Li+ ions, through the non-aqueous electrolyte. The rhythm life of lithium-ion batteries is straight related to the battery s deepness of discharge, the higher the capacity of discharge, the less figure of rhythms it can travel through. Charging Lithium-ion cells requires an external electrical power beginning ( courser ) that applies a higher electromotive force but of equal difference ( usually 4.05V/cell ) to that developed by the battery s ain chemical science. This causes the current to flux in the opposite way, intending the Li ions migrate from the cathode to the anode, and they become intercalated in the porous electrode stuff of the cell, thereby refilling its charge. Charge and discharge rhythms in nickel- based batteries ( NiCd A ; NiMH ) The dependability every bit good as length of service of Nickel-based batteries flexible joints, preponderantly, on the quality of the courser. Nickel- based cells should ever stay cool when being charged as elevated temperatures shortens battery life. A rise in temperature can non be avoided due to the chemical reaction in the nickel-based cells, yet in order to be charged decently the spike in temperature has to be every bit short as possible. If the temperature of the battery remains higher than room temperature for an ample sum of clip, the battery should be removed, as it is non being charged right Nickel-based batteries can be charged at several different rates utilizing a assortment of coursers: Slow courser of nickel- based cells take between 14-16 hours at a fixed charge of 0.1C ( 1/10 of Ni cells 1C capacity ) this nevertheless causes crystalline formation within the cell, this causes the subsequent bead in electromotive force at that point in its charge rhythm where reloading began, as if the cell is being discharged Rapid Charger of nickel-based cells takes between 3-6 hours to to the full bear down, this courser switches the cell to dribble charge ( bear downing with a really little current ) when it is ready. Fast courser of nickel-based cells takes about one hr to bear down the battery ; this is the preferable manner to bear down nickel-based cells as it reduces crystalline formation or memory within the battery nevertheless, the battery is at a higher hazard of overcharging, which can damage the battery. However all new Nickel-based batteries should be trickle-charged for a twenty-four hours before being used as this ensures that all cells are every bit charged within the battery. Nickel Metal-hydride hitter The bear downing electromotive force of NiMH ranges between 1.4-1.6 V/cell to the full charged and 1.25 V/cell during discharge, down to about 1.0-1.1 V/cell Nickel Cd battery The bear downing electromotive force of NiCd is between 1.3 -1.4V per cell when to the full charged and about 0.8-1 V when discharged If the nickel-based batteries are discharged at a rate higher than 1c, the terminal of discharge point is lower than 0.9V a cell. This compensates for the electromotive force bead at higher temperatures induced by the internal opposition of the cell besides other factor which contribute to the bead ( iring, contact etc ) the lower point produces better capacity readings for the nickel-based cells when dispatching at lower temperatures. South African companies that manufacture batteries The Willard Battery Company is a to the full owned South African company that manufactures motor vehicle batteries and is located in Roodepoort, Port Elizabeth. The chief types of cell they manufacture are SLI lead-acid batteries for usage in powering the starter motor, visible radiations, and the ignition system of a auto s engine. First National battery is a battery maker that came approximately after the amalgamation of four smaller battery-manufacturing companies ( First national battery, Raylight, Oldham and Chloride ) . Their chief merchandises are SLI lead-acid batteries used in vehicles ( rider and commercial ) , mono-block lead-alloy batteries used in railroads, lead-alloy cells ( deep-cycle, RR, tubular and Solar ) used for as standby modesty batteries in marine vehicles and every bit good solar batteries. Deltec Power Distributors is a South African distributer of a broad assortment local and internationally produced high quality Lead-calcium auto batteries and standalones, since 1979. SABAT Batteries is portion of Powertech Batteries, a subdivision of the Altron Group South Africa. SABATS s chief operations include the industry and distribution of lead-acid cells, low-maintenance intercrossed lead-calcium cells, and maintenance-free Ca and normal Ca batteries Dixon Premium batteries is South African company founded in 1953 and is based in Vereeninging Johannesburg. Their chief merchandise is a 12-volt SMF lead-acid cell for usage in motor ( and/or other ) vehicles. Free Start Power is a Local company that manufactures SLI lead-acid batteries for the usage in vehicles ( commercial, rider and aquatic ) The Most Popular Types of Battery: The three most common and more popularly used types of batteries are the lithium-ion battery ( illustrations are in notebook computing machines and medical devices ) , nickel-based batteries ( such as in two way-radios and power-tools in the nickel-cadmium battery and laptop computing machines and nomadic phones in the nickel-metal-hydride battery ) , and of class the lead-acid battery ( largely found in wheelchairs, exigency illuming system and autos ) . Nickel-cadmium Battery: The nickel-cadmium battery consists of a Ni ( III ) oxide- hydrated oxide ( Ni ( OH ) 3 ) home base as the positive electrode ( the cathode ) , a Cd home base as the negative electrode ( the anode ) and an alkalic electrolyte normally made from K hydrated oxide ( KOH ) . There is besides a centrifuge that isolates the two electrode home bases. These are all rolled into a coiling form and enclosed in a shell utilizing a metal, self-sealing home base ( known as the jelly-roll design ) . This original cell design is what differentiates the nickel-cadmium battery from the older, more traditional alkaline cell. The construction of the nickel-cadmium cell allows more of the electrode to be in contact with the electrolyte, therefore take downing the internal opposition of the battery and increasing the maximal current that can be delivered, whereas in the alkaline cell a black lead rod is placed in a shell filled with the electrolyte, ensuing in a much smaller country of the electrode being in contact with the electrolyte. In a nickel-cadmium battery, the chemical reactions are as follows: Nickel electrode ( cathode ) : 2NiO ( OH ) + 2H2O + 2e? 2Ni ( OH ) 2 + 2OH? Cadmium electrode ( anode ) : Cd + 2OH? Cadmium ( OH ) 2 + 2e? Therefore, the net reaction in the cells of a nickel-cadmium battery is: 2NiO ( OH ) + Cd + 2H2O 2Ni ( OH ) 2 + Cd ( OH ) 2 When a nickel-cadmium cell is tested on a device such as a cell phone, it typically produces a really low internal opposition: approximately 155 milli-Ohms ( m? ) . This opposition is mostly affected by the province of charge the battery is in. The opposition is highest during two phases: when there is a low charge and instantly after bear downing. Therefore, the maximal possible current is really achieved after a period of remainder after the battery has been charged, with the internal opposition changing between 100 to 200 milli-Ohms, with the cell emf runing from 0.0 to 1.3V. Both the maximal current and the capacity of this cell are influenced by the internal opposition. As antecedently stated, the low opposition means that the nickel-cadmium cell can bring forth rather a high maximal current. The secondary cells that make up the nickel-cadmium battery each have a capacity of about 1.2 Volts ; hence a standard battery with a 7.2V capacity ( 6 cell battalion ) should bring forth around a 900 ma current without decreasing for a long period of clip. This ability of the battery to supply a high current for drawn-out periods makes it one of the most popular battery types. Nickel-metal-hydride Battery: The chief ( and perchance most separating ) difference between the nickel-metal-hydride battery and the nickel-cadmium battery is that the nickel-metal-hydride does nt utilize any toxic metals. Where the nickel-cadmium battery uses Cd to organize the hydrogen-absorbing anode, this battery uses an electrode made from a metal-hydride, typically an alloy mixture of Lanthanum, Ce, Nd, Pr and possible other rare-earth elements, every bit good as a metal that is normally cobalt, nickel, manganese and/or aluminum. This makes the metal-hydride anode an intermetallic compound. Lithium-ion Battery: The lithium-ion battery is one of the newest and fastest developing engineerings in the battery universe. As this cell was introduced to the populace shortly after the nickel-metal-hydride battery, some believe that the nickel-metal-hydride cell was a important measure in the development of the lithium-ion cell. In a lithium-ion cell, the electrodes ( anode and cathode ) are made from compounds which lithium can travel through. When Li is moved into the electrode it is called migration ; when it moves out it is called extraction. The motion of the Li, via the electrolyte, between the anode and the cathode depends on whether the cell is bear downing or dispatching. The ground lithium-ion is used alternatively of Li metal is that Li metal is extremely unstable when used in the batteries discharge and recharge rhythms, doing it really insecure for conventional usage. Therefore, this battery is a non-metallic battery. Lead-acid Battery: As the name suggests, this type of battery consists of two substances: Lead and an acid. There are two types of solid lead in the battery which form the two electrodes. The negative electrode ( anode ) is made from pure lead ( Pb ) while the positive electrode ( cathode ) is made from lead dioxide ( PbO2 ) . It is of import to retrieve that lead has an oxidization figure of 0, while lead dioxide is +4, as it is the alteration in these Numberss due to the reaction in the cells that will do a flow of electricity. The acid in the battery forms the electrolyte. This acid is the compound Sulfuric Acid ( H2SO4 ) , which is besides assorted with H2O ( H2O ) . This acid remains in the ionized signifier of two H+ protons and an SO42- ion. This is due to the fact that Sulfuric Acid will merely lose one of its protons when it comes into contact with the H2O, salvaging the other for reaction with the lead on either electrode. When the two electrodes are placed into the electrolyte and the circuit is completed, both electrodes will get down to organize a coating of lead sulphate ( PbSO4 ) around the original compound. Therefore, we can pull up the half reactions that define the chemical procedure in a lead-acid battery. A typical, conventional lead-acid battery consists of a 6V battalion, i.e. the battery has 6 cells in it, with each cell holding a capacity of 2 Volts ( voltage is equal to about 2.041 V in each cell ) . The internal opposition depends on the maximal electromotive force that is presently fluxing through the battery. In a to the full charged 12.6 Volt lead-acid battery, the internal opposition is about 10 milliohms. This really low opposition consequences in the high maximal current that the battery can bring forth. However, unlike the nickel-cadmium battery, it can merely bring forth this current for a really limited sum of clip ( 200 to 300 rhythms ) , after which the current will get down to decrease and internal opposition will get down to increase. The opposition is besides affected by the figure of cells in the battery, i.e. the more cells, the higher the joint internal opposition. The most common application of the lead-acid battery is the auto battery, besides known as a lead- acid collector. This type of battery ( normally 6V or 12V ) uses a dynamo to reload the battery and shop energy while the auto is turned off, so that it does nt run level. The Recycling and Disposal of Battery Components: Chelsey Moubray An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to change over stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Where make you utilize batteries? Batteries form an indispensable portion of mundane life. As consumers, we make regular usage of these electrical units to execute a assortment of different things. When talking about little electronic points, batteries are the most common systems that are used to power things such as cameras, cellular phones, tickers, laptops, remotes, most torchs and many other family points. Every auto is powered by an electrical auto battery that enables mobility and these batteries are considered one of the most of import intents of batteries. Alkaline batteries are used to power these monolithic auto batteries every bit good as wirelesss, carbon-zinc batteries for kids s drama playthings and torches. Lithium is chiefly used in batteries for things such as your camera, a reckoner or your ticker but sometimes quicksilver is besides used for these assorted points. Mercury is besides used for hearing AIDSs, which are besides powered by Ag and Zn batteries. Batteries are a really of import constituent in our twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lives. To set it merely, they make everything a batch easier for us. Introducing a whole new spectrum of electronic contraptions and equipment, we have easier ways to listen to music, cognize the clip, travel faster and even listen without excessively much trouble. To put to death these maps we need to take between two types of batteries that are used today ; Primary Batteries and Secondary Batteries. A Primary battery is more normally known as a disposable battery and can be used for portable devices that demand an immediate and direct current when switched on. The advantage for places is that these batteries are easy accessed but can merely be used one time and must be thrown off after. The other battery is non merely a better option for families but is besides a healthier option for the environment* . These Secondary batteries are besides know as rechargeable batteries, and must be charged earlier usage. These batteries can be used many times, as they are rechargeable and execute the same occupation as a Primary battery. In decision, we use batteries in many different countries but chiefly to power points that are a major portion of mundane life. Like we are dependent on our autos and our tickers for the clip, we are hence dependent on batteries. They form a big intent in our lives and must utilize safely. In order to verify this safety we must larn to dispose of our batteries right. How make you dispose of batteries? To get down with, there are few standard processs that should be followed when covering with batteries. Never dispose of batteries in a fire beginning because it is likely that they will detonate. Make certain neer to put batteries in a group because if they contain even a little sum of power, when banged together they may let go of a charge that could ensue in them catching fire which can hold annihilating consequences. When it is evident that a battery can no longer power its contraption, it must be removed instantly because it may leak. And in conclusion, neer place a battery in a pocket because it may split and do another escape. The first measure to the equal disposal of a battery is to put a powerless battery in some kind of container until you can right recycle it. Every battery is now considered to be risky waste. Because they contain really toxic metals such as Mercury, they have been classified as unsuitable to be thrown off as standard municipal solid waste. Batteries are non to be placed in communal dumps because there is a opportunity that these toxic metals can hold a serious and ageless consequence on the environing environment. * Some of the batteries that are required to be accurately disposed of are batteries that can be found in ; power tools, Mobiles, assorted proctors, portable lamps, fact-finding electronic cogwheel, torchs etc. The new disposal demand applies to all types and all sizes of batteries, including but non limited to: Alkaline, Nickel metal hydride ( Ni-MH ) , Nickel-cadmium ( Ni-Cd ) , Silver button ( Ag ) , Mercury ( Hg ) , sealed lead acid ( Pb ) , Wet lead acid, Carbon-zinc, and Lithium Ion. There are a figure of standard alkaline batteries that are non classified as harmful and can be thrown off as regular family waste but it is recommended for the batteries incorporating Li, mercuric, oxide, nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride and Ag oxide to be recycled. Most recycling countries contain a section for electrical batteries but it is best to reach your municipality to happen out where most suited to travel. As the celebrated Duracell battery company stated, Proven cost-efficient and environmentally safe recycling procedures are non yet universally available for alkalic batteries. Some communities offer recycling or aggregations of alkalic batteries- contact your local authorities for disposal patterns in your country. Impact of Batteries: What is the impact of batteries on world? Clearly there is both an inexorable negative and positive impact of batteries on world. The basic positive impact is that everything is a batch easier for worlds. There are legion activities that have been made possible for us through the creative activity of batteries. For illustration: Car Batteries: Car batteries have made mobility possible. Without this innovation we would neer be able to depend on such a dependable, easy accessible and speedy signifier of conveyance. The debut of cars has made a enormously positive impact on human sort. Proctors: There are assorted types of proctors that are used today, one of the most common being the standard infirmary bosom proctor. These proctors are responsible for maintaining people alive. As a beginning of instruction and scrutiny, these have formed an improbably critical portion of the medical universe. Watchs: Without batteries we would neer hold portable redstem storksbills that can be used to easy entree the clip. Although non a compulsory indispensable, tickers have been said to be one of the most of import constructs on a little graduated table. As mentioned in the old subdivision, there are 100s of other manufactured electronic creative activities that have been made possible by the debut of batteries. These creative activities have formed a critical portion in world development over the last few decennaries. Without the constitution of batteries, the mechanical universe would neer hold progressed and reached the critical degree that it has reached. Enabling immense scientific discoveries and finds, batteries have formed the foundation blocks of our society and go on to enable extended surveies and research. Although batteries have facilitated a big scope of finds and activities, they besides have a negative impact on world. One of the most outstanding negative impacts is the dependence on electronic contraptions. As a embryologic universe we have developed over many centuries, get downing with a really rural province and turning into a mechanical industrial universe extremely dependent of engineering. Included in this engineering is the battery. As said earlier, as one of the foundation blocks of society, communities have become mostly dependent on batteries for necessities such as transit and work, but besides less indispensable activities including amusement and leisure. As a planetary community we have survived in fortunes far more utmost than today without the aid of batteries and futuristic engineering, so it is apparent that although accommodating, batteries can be considered unneeded and therefore can be seen as a negative impact of world. The 2nd more outstanding negative impact of batteries is their increasing injury to the environment. What is the impact of batteries on the environment? Unfortunately the effects of batteries on the environment are negative. As batteries are burned they pollute every bit good as vaporise the air. When they are released into the ocean they pollute our seas and as they are thrown into dump countries their toxic ingredients are left to ooze into the dirt doing monolithic and annihilating harm to our natural eco system. The toxins in these batteries that are leached into the land when inadequately diposed of can pollute works and carnal life every bit good as land H2O for up to 50 old ages. This ageless rhythm of taint causes a immense disturbance in our environments natural nutrient concatenation and web. When consumed, these toxic chemicals are highly damaging to worlds, workss and animate beings. Childs are extremely affected by this procedure, and are most susceptible to damage. Often the consequences of this consumption are disquieted cardinal nervous systems, psychological lack and acquisition disablements. The exposure to these unsafe chemicals has a drawn-out consequence on the environment. Because any chemical or metal is potentially unsafe, they should neer be deposited in the land. Harmonizing to an independent Gallic survey commissioned by rechargeable battery maker, Uniross, it is stated that by replacing disposable batteries with rechargeable batteries we can extinguish 99000 metric tons waste in Europe and 330 00 metric tons worldwide. The usage of disposable batteries is a go oning factor of planetary heating. Disposable batteries take up 23 times more no-renewable resources doing them a outstanding facet of clime alteration. These batteries besides have a big impact on air acidification. This means that these batteries contribute to the physique up of souring substances in the atoms in suspension in the ambiance. This accretion is formed as rain and has a strong negative influence on dirts and ecosystems. The three worst chemical toxins found in batteries are lead, Cd and quicksilver. These have the worst consequence on the environment. Through the equal disposal of batteries, we can successfully construct up on a healthy ecosystem. It is said that every individual battery that is disposed of in an wrong manner will stop up in leaching into the land effecting and full concatenation of being finally set uping yourself. Decision: In decision, it is safe to state that, in reply to our research inquiry, there is no 1 battery that is superior to all others. Batteries are designed for specific intents ; hence each battery is different in their features and is suited for a certain undertaking. For illustration, a lead-acid collector in a auto could non be used in a torch like a nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal-hydride battery. Although some batteries may be more powerful in footings of current or opposition, it is merely because the usage of that battery requires those qualities. 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Battery university-online university ( Online ) Available: www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-14.htm 24/02/2010 How to bear down when to bear down tabular array. 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( Online ) Available: www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-14A.htm 24/02/2010 Dispatching at high and low temperature. 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( Online ) Available: www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-15.htm 24/02/2010 Discharge methods ( online ) 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university Available: www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-16.htm 24/02/2010 Calculating the battery runtime. 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( Online ) Available: www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-16a.htm 24/02/2010 Benjamin Traub: Nickel-cadmium Battery. 2009. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopaedia ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_battery 09/03/2010 Nickel-metal Hydride Battery. 2009. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopaedia ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride_battery 09/03/2010 Lithium-ion Battery. 2009. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopaedia ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery # Electrochemistry 09/03/2010 Electrochemistry of Lead Acid cell. 2006. Engineers Edge-Solutions by Design ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.engineersedge.com/battery/electrochemistry_lead_acid_battery_cell.htm 09/03/2010 How Batteries Work: The Lead Acid Accumulator Reactions. 2010. Green-Planet-Solar-Energy.com ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/how-batteries-work.html 12/03/2010 Impedance extremums of certain nickel/cadmium cells at low states-of-charge. 1992 M.S. Suresh and S. Sathyanarayana. NuMat 2010: the Nuclear Materials Conference ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL A ; _udi=B6TH1-43MH70Y-P8 A ; _user=10 A ; _coverDate=02 % 2F29 % 2F1992 A ; _rdoc=1 A ; _fmt=high A ; _orig=search A ; _sort=d A ; _docanchor= A ; view=c A ; _acct=C000050221 A ; _version=1 A ; _urlVersion=0 A ; _userid=10 A ; md5=efee69aae0bf1188ef31a4bb73e02e0b 15/03/2010 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries. 2009. Electropaedia ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mpoweruk.com/nimh.htm 15/03/2010 Battery public presentation as a map of cycling. 2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.batteryuniversity.com/parttwo-36.htm 16/03/2010 Is lithium-ion the ideal battery? .2003 2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-5.htm 16/03/2010 How does the internal battery opposition affect public presentation? .2003-2006 Isidor Buchmann. Battery university-online university ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-22.htm 16/03/2010 Lead Acid Batteries. 2009. BigginHill ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bigginhill.co.uk/batteries.htm 17/03/2010 Chelsey Moubray: Importance of batteries. 2005 2010. Articlesbase, Free Online Articles Directory ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.articlesbase.com/technology-articles/importance-of-batteries-1477480.html Battery ( electricity ) . 2009. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopaedia ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_ % 28electricity % 29 Environment, Health and Safety Disposal of Batteries. 2002. University of California, San Diego ( UCSD ) ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //adminrecords.ucsd.edu/Notices/2002/2002-04-16-02.html How do I Dispose of Batteries? 2010. wiseGeek.com ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wisegeek.com/how-do-i-dispose-of-batteries.htm Batteries. 2009. Smart Cape-Home ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smartcape.org.za/learner-support/responses/natural-sciences/batteries.html ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //mybroadband.co.za/news/Hardware/270.html The Effects of Non-Disposable Batteries on the Environment. 2007 Jason Petrina. ArticleClick.com ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.articleclick.com/Article/The-Effects-of-Non-Disposable-Batteries-on-the-Environment/936437 The environmental impact of disposable versus re-chargeable batteries for consumer usage. 2006 David Parsons. SpringerLink ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.springerlink.com/content/r104g3640u736674/ Battery Recycling and Disposal Guide for Households. 2010. Environmental Health and Safety Online ( online ) Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehso.com/ehsshome/batteries.php

Sad Plays - Tragedies and Tear-jerkers

Sad Plays - Tragedies and Tear-jerkers Have you ever noticed how some plays are such a downer? Even some plays that are supposed to be comedies, such as Anton Chekovs masterpieces, are dour and cynical and downright depressing. Of course, the theater like life isnt all about comedy and happy endings. To be reflective of human nature, playwrights often delve into the tears-soaked corners of their souls, producing literary works that are timeless tragedies that evoke both terror and pity, just how Aristotle likes it! Here is a list of theaters most hauntingly sad plays: #10 - Night Mother There are many plays that explore the topic of suicide, but few are as direct and, dare I say, as persuasive as Marsha Normans play, night Mother. During the course of a single evening, an adult daughter has a sincere conversation with her mother, clearly explaining how she plans to take her own life before dawn. The daughters miserable life has been plagued with tragedy and mental illness. However, now that she has made her decision, she has gained clarity. No matter how her mother argues and begs, the daughter will not change her mind. New York theater critic John Simon praise the playwright stating that Marsha Norman conveys the simultaneous monstrousness and ordinariness of this event: that Jessie both solicitously provides for her mothers future and abandons her, coolly matter-of-fact about what strikes most of us as the ultimate irrational act. As with many sad, tragic and controversial plays, Night Mother ends with much to contemplate and discuss. #9 - Romeo and Juliet Millions of people think of Shakespeares classic Romeo and Juliet as the ultimate love story. Romantics view the two star-crossed lovers as the quintessential young couple, forgoing the wishes of their parents, throwing caution to the proverbial wind and settling for nothing less than true love, even if it comes at the cost of death. However, theres a more cynical way of looking at this story: Two hormone-driven teenagers kill themselves because of the stubborn hatred of ignorant adults. The tragedy may be overrated and overdone, but consider the ending of the play: Juliet lies asleep but Romeo believes that she is dead so he prepares to drink poison in order to join her. The situation remains one of the most devastating examples of dramatic irony in the history of the stage. #8 - Oedipus the King Also known as Oedipus Rex, this tragedy is the most famous work of Sophocles, a Greek playwright who lived over two thousand years ago. In case you have never heard the plot of this famous myth, you may want to skip to the next play on the list. Spoiler Alert: Oedipus discovers that years ago he murdered his biological father and unknowingly married his biological mother. The circumstances are grotesque, but the real tragedy stems from the bloody reactions of the characters as each participant learns the unbearable truth. The citizens are filled with shock and pity. Jocasta hangs herself. And Oedipus uses the pins from her dress to gauge out his eyes. Well, we all cope in different ways I guess. Creon, Jocastas brother, takes over the throne. Oedipus will wander around Greece as a wretched example of mans folly. (And I assume Zeus and his fellow Olympians enjoy a mean-spirited chuckle.) Read the complete plot summary of Oedipus the King. #7 - Death of a Salesman Playwright Arthur Miller doesnt just kill off his protagonist, Willy Loman, by the end of the play. He also does his best to euthanize the American Dream. The aging salesman once believed that charisma, obedience, and persistence would lead to prosperity. Now that his sanity is wearing thin, and his sons have failed to live up to his expectations, Loman determines that he is worth more dead than alive. In my review of the play, I explain how this drama may not be my favorite of Millers work, but the play clearly accomplishes its goal: To make us understand the painfulness of mediocrity. And we learn a valuable, common sense lesson: Things dont always go the way we want them to go. #6 - Wit: There is a lot of humorous, heartwarming dialogue to be found in Margaret Edsons Wit. Yet, despite the plays many life affirming moments, Wit is filled with clinical studies, chemotherapy, and long stretches of painful, introspective loneliness. Its the story of Dr. Vivian Bearing, a hard-as-nails English professor. Her callousness is most evident during the plays flashbacks. While she narrates directly to the audience, Dr. Bearing recalls several encounters with her former students. As the pupils struggle with the material, often embarrassed by their intellectual inadequacy, Dr. Bearing responds by saying intimidating and insulting them. Yet, as Dr. Bearing revisits her past, she realizes she should have offered more human kindness to her students. Kindness is something Dr. Bearing will come to desperately crave as the play continues. If you have already experienced Wit then you know you will never look at John Donnes poetry the same way. The main character uses the cryptic sonnets to keep her intellect sharp, but by the end of the play she learns that academic excellence is no match for human compassion, and perhaps a bedtime story. Continue reading the Top Ten List of the Worlds Saddest Plays.

Criminal justice careers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Criminal justice careers - Research Paper Example Besides, this link outlines various stages both in terms of education and experience that one must go through to attain the position of being a judge. These stages to land on such a career include; attending an undergraduate school, earning a degree in law, becoming a lawyer, obtaining judgeship, and completing a state-administered training on judgeship. The above article from the database of federal judges outlines the basic procedure that one must fulfill in order to become a federal judge. According to this article, federal judges are nominated by the president of the United States of America and subsequently confirmed by the Senate. Multiple steps to this process include; nomination of a candidate to the judicial seat by the president, a questionnaire is filled by the candidate and reviewed by the judiciary committee of the Senate, a hearing is constituted to interview the candidate, the committee votes either to return or approve the candidate (Cecil 2006). American Judicature Society; which composes of nonpartisan group of judges, citizens, and lawyers with the main mission of working towards better judicial selection, effectiveness, and ethics within the criminal justice. This association publishes articles on an annual basis on ethics within the judicial system. American Civil Liberties Union; which is an interest group comprising majorly of members of the civil society and other interested legal experts with the main mission of utilizing all possible means to preserve the rights of human beings, particularly before the criminal justice system. Publications of this association are periodic reports on unfairness cases within the judicial system. American Society of Criminology; which has the main mission of scholarly study of crime incidences. This association is primarily composed of college professors. It provides publications on crime

Management of New Venture (MBA Program) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management of New Venture (MBA Program) - Essay Example Their compensation will be considered as their investment and the share will be proportional to the total investment of the partnership company/venture. After all, mere financial investment cannot run a business. There should be someone to look after the business. In the present problem the two members who have agreed to put in their hard work have to be compensated equally or as per the terms put in the partnership deed. The contributions of the members shall be the capital of the firm. If any further capital or loans or deposits are required by the firm to meet its expenditure then such loans/deposits/capital shall be arranged or invested or even contributed by the partners. These investments if made by the partners will amount to an additional percentage of shares to be held by them. Also at the end of the accounting period the partners are liable for interest at 18% per annum or as prescribed under Section 40(b) (iv) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 or under any other Act applicable, on the amount standing at their credit. Such interest paid will be considered as an expenditure of the firm and will be debited to the profit and loss account of the firm before the divisible profit/loss is calculated. The two partners who have agreed to put their heart and soul into the business will have to be paid remuneration as laid down under section 40(b)(v), which is read with 3rd explanation of the Income-Tax Act, 1961. The remuneration will be distributed among the two partners in an agreed percentage. The partners are also eligible to revise the method of calculating the remuneration as agreed to by and among the partners from time to time. The partners will have to form a board of directors and elect a member as a Managing director who will look after the whole business. The Managing Director will be responsible for the acts of the partners collectively or individually in the conduct of the business. Meetings have to be conducted at regular intervals and the partners will have to attend the meetings. An agenda has to be prepared before every meeting lying down in clear terms as to what is the purpose of the meeting and what the discussions that would be held at the meetings. Holding of shares of each partner will be based on the amount of investments which they bring into the business. Bibliography: Chapter:xxi "Choice of Organization and Ownership", by Saravanavel, Margham Publications

HIV Diagnosis Essay Example for Free

HIV Diagnosis Essay Because a new HIV diagnosis can be stressful to an individual, it is not only important to seek follow-up care from a medical standpoint, but from a mental and spiritual standpoint as well. Some follow-up recommendations may include: 1. Prompt medical treatment for initiation of antiretroviral medications, appropriate vaccine administration 2. Continuation of medical care including taking prescribed medication, even when not symptomatic. 3. Education regarding changes in behaviors to reduce risk of transmission to others. 4. Referrals to behavioral and psychological services to assist with emotional needs as well as assistance with coping strategies to deal with the many changes that accompany the diagnosis. 5. Encouragement to seek spiritual care and companionship. 6. Education regarding reproductive choices and contraceptive information.1 What is hiv? HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, which leads to immunosuppression. The immunosuppression can cause opportunistic infections, cancer, central nervous system degeneration, and death. HIV is transmitted from person to person from sexual contact, blood contact, or from mother to infant.. 2 HIV is generally classified into three categories; the primary infection phase, the latent phase, and the overt AIDS infection phase. The progression of these phases typically spans 8-12 years. Many people have symptoms after their primary infection that may include: fever, fatigue, sore throat, night sweats, gastrointestinal problems, rash, and headache. If the infection is detected during the primary infection period, the patient may have a much better outcome with early treatment. The primary phase is followed by the latent phase, when the patient is asymptomatic. This phase lasts an average of 10 years. The latent phase is followed by overt-AIDS. If untreated, this phase can lead to death within 2-3 years, or sooner.2 who’s at risk? Men who have unprotected sex with men are at the greatest risk for acquiring HIV. Infants are at risk for acquiring HIV from their mothers in utero, during labor and/or delivery, and during breastfeeding; however transmission can be almost entirely prevented by the proper use of antiretroviral  medications and the absence of breastfeeding. 3 Sharing contaminated needles, unprotected sex, receiving unsterile medical procedures, and accidental needle sticks put individuals at risk. testing There are several different tests available to screen for HIV. Testing is recommended at least once per year for sexually active persons. Enzyme immunoassay test (results take up to two weeks) 4 Rapid HIV antibody test (results take 10-20 minutes) 4 Both tests may be done using blood, oral fluid, or urine. If a positive result from either of the previous two tests, a Western Blot test must be performed. Testing may not be positive even in the presence of infection if testing occurs shortly after infection. The results of the Western Blot test may take up to two weeks. 4 Antigen test (blood test. Can diagnose earlier at 1-3 weeks after first infection) 4 PCR test Can identify HIV in blood within 2-3 weeks of infection. Used in testing of babies born to HIV positive mothers to determine if the babies themselves are positive 4 Home testing kits Home test kits may be purchased at most pharmacies. A small blood sample is mailed in and the patient is contacted with results. 4 Prevention There are several different ways individuals can help prevent acquiring HIV. Some of the methods include: 1. Correct and consistent use of condoms 2. Abstinence or mutual monogamous long-term relationships 3. Regular testing for HIV 4. Use of sterile syringes by IV drug users 5. Antiretroviral treatment for those infected5 6. Male circumcision TREATMEnt There is no cure for HIV. Treatment focuses on slowing down the replication of the virus. Treatment of the HIV virus involves taking medication that interrupts the virus’s replication process. Typically this involves using a combination of medications. The current standard treatment is a combination of three to four antiviral medications which is referred to as high active antiretroviral therapy or HAART.2 Because opportunistic infections are  highly problematic in individuals with HIV/AIDS, infection exposure should be limited and vaccines should be obtained as recommended. 2

Leslie Marmon Silkos Ceremony Essay -- essays papers

Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony In Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony, the gender roles of three women are significant to the development of Tayo as being half-white and half-Indian. These three women are Tayo's birth mother, Auntie, and Old Grandma. His mother left him when he was four years old and that began his sense of emptiness and abandonment. She could not bear to raise a child that brought the reservation shame by her mistake. Auntie raised Tayo and was the mother figure he lacked. She willingly accepted to take him, but only to "conceal the shame of her younger sister (29)". Auntie was always hesitant toward Tayo as he was not her real son and was also a half-breed. For Tayo, this only added to his feeling of displacement and emptiness. She would give her affection and ... Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony Essay -- essays papers Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony In Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony, the gender roles of three women are significant to the development of Tayo as being half-white and half-Indian. These three women are Tayo's birth mother, Auntie, and Old Grandma. His mother left him when he was four years old and that began his sense of emptiness and abandonment. She could not bear to raise a child that brought the reservation shame by her mistake. Auntie raised Tayo and was the mother figure he lacked. She willingly accepted to take him, but only to "conceal the shame of her younger sister (29)". Auntie was always hesitant toward Tayo as he was not her real son and was also a half-breed. For Tayo, this only added to his feeling of displacement and emptiness. She would give her affection and ...